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MGMT 2110 - Organizational Behavior (Fall 2025)

APA Style - Most Common Reference Types

Books

  In-text Citation End-of-paper Reference
Format

It was found that... (Author, Year).

Author (Year) found that...

 Authors / Editors (Year). Book title (# edition, if available). Publisher. DOI or URL (if available)

Example 1

(Authored book)

It was found that... (Hamblen & Mueser, 2021).

Hamblen and Mueser (2021) found that...

Hamblen, J. L., & Mueser, K. T. (2021). Treatment for postdisaster distress: A transdiagnostic approach. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000237-000

Example 2

(Edited book)

It was found that... (Hemlin et al., 2013).

Hemlin et al. (2013) found that...

Hemlin, S., Allwood, C. M.,  Martin, B. R., & Mumford, M. D. (Eds.). (2013). Creativity and leadership in science, technology, and innovation. Routledge.

More examples on book references 

Journal Articles

  In-text Citation End-of-paper Reference
Format

It was found that... (Author, Year).

Author (Year) found that...

Authors. Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. DOI or URL (if available)
Example 1

It was found that... (Diliello et al., 2011).

Diliello et al. (2011) found that...

Diliello, T. C., Houghton, J. D., & Dawley, D. (2011). Narrowing the creativity gap: The moderating effects of perceived support for creativity. Journal of Psychology, 145(3), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.548412

Example 2

(Missing page no. and DOI)

It was found that... (Butler, 2017).

Butler (2017) found that...

Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1). http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html

More examples on article references 

Online News Articles

  In-text Citation End-of-paper Reference
Format

It was found that... (Author, Year).

Author (Year) found that...

Authors (Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. URL

Example

It was found that... (Toner, 2020).

Toner (2020) found that...

Toner, K. (2020, September 24). When Covid-19 hit, he turned his newspaper route into a lifeline for senior citizens. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/coronavirus-newspaper-deliveryman-groceries-senior-citizens-cnnheroes-trnd/index.html

More examples 

Webpages / Online Reports

  In-text Citation End-of-paper Reference
Format

It was found that... (Author, Year).

Author (Year) found that...

Authors (Year or Date). Title of work. Publisher Name (if available) or Site Name. URL

Example 1

It was found that... (Schaeffer, 2021).

Schaeffer (2021) found that...

Schaeffer, K. (2021, October 1). What we know about online learning and the homework gap amid the pandemic. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/10/01/what-we-know-about-online-learning-and-the-homework-gap-amid-the-pandemic/

Example 2

(Author is an organization)

It was found that... (Census and Statistics Department, 2021).

Census and Statistics Department (2021) found that...

Census and Statistics Department (2021). Annual report on the consumer price index 2021. https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/
product/B1060002/att/B10600022021AN21B0100.pdf

More examples 

APA Style - In-text Citations - Authors

The author format of in-text citation differs based on the no. of authors in the work:

Author type End-of-paper Reference
(Author part)		 Parenthetical citation Narrative citation
One author Butler, J. (2017).  (Butler, 2017) Butler (2017)
Two authors Hamblen, J. L., & Mueser, K. T. (2021). (Hamblen & Mueser, 2021) Hamblen & Mueser (2021)
Three or more authors Diliello, T. C., Houghton, J. D., & Dawley, D. (2011). (Diliello et al., 2011) Diliello et al. (2011)

Group author

  • First appearance
  • Subsequent appearances

 

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. (2022).

 

  • (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology [HKUST], 2022)
  • (HKUST, 2022)

 

  • Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST, 2022)
  • HKUST (2022)

Citing AI in APA style

APA style

Guidelines from APA

Key points  (Aug 2025)

  1. AI cannot be an author. 
  2. Any use of AI must be fully disclosed in the manuscript or course work. (See "Where & how to disclose" below)
  3. AI must not be used to fabricate or falsify data. 
  4. AI-generated images or figures must be disclosed and used with proper rights.
  5. Authors are responsible for verifying the accuracy and originality of AI-generated content. 
  6. Human oversight is required at all stages of research and writing.

 

Where & How to Disclose 

AI Use Where & How to Disclose
Generate content (e.g. manuscript drafts, literature summaries)

In the Introduction section  
Include AI tools, prompts, and keywords used (preserve output if needed)
Translate or copyedit text

In a general author note 
Mention the AI tool used
Create or refine code; analyze, format, or visualize data; edit research methods/results

In the Method section 
Include the AI tool, usage details, and preserve outputs
Create or edit figures, tables, or images

In the section where visual content appears (e.g. Results) 
Include prompts, tools, and preserve output

Check more details here.

Suggested Practices

1. Cite an AI chat

Format:

AI Company Name. (year, month day). Title of chat in italics [Description, such as Generative AI chat]. Tool Name/Model. URL of the chat

In-text citation: 
(AI Company Name, year)
AI Company Name (year)


Example:

Conversation with an AI model In-text citation & Reference list

 

In-text citation

"ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI, focuses on generating human-like text based on extensive internet-trained data, while Claude, developed by Anthropic, emphasizes safety and alignment through constitutional AI principles, aiming to reduce harmful outputs by adhering to a set of predefined ethical guidelines." (OpenAI, 2025)

Reference list

OpenAI. (2025, Oct 9). Differences between ChatGPT and Claude [Generative AI chat]. GPT-4o. https://poe.com/s/Q6CfwbdwTMVAtNY1HUcY

 

2. Cite AI model (e.g. ChatGPT, Claude)
  • cite the model or tool as Software

Format:

AI Company Name. (year). Tool Name/Model in Italics and Title Case [Description; e.g., Large language model]. URL of the tool

In-text citation: 
(AI Company Name, year)
AI Company Name (year)



Examples:

Reference list

OpenAI. (2025). GPT-5 [Large language model]. https://poe.com/GPT-5

Anthropic. (2025). Claude-Sonnet-4.5 [Large language model]. https://poe.com/Claude-Sonnet-4.5

Perplexity AI. (2025). Perplexity [Large language model]. https://www.perplexity.ai/

Google. (2025). Gemini-2.5-Pro [Large language model]. https://poe.com/Gemini-2.5-Pro

 

In-text citations:

(OpenAI, 2025; Anthropic, 2025; Perplexity AI, 2025; Google, 2025)

OpenAI (2025), Anthropic (2025), Perplexity AI (2025), Google (2025)

Learn more details: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/cite-generative-ai-references 

Learning Videos & Test Your Knowledge

This short tutorial (3 min 54 sec) is on citing references in APA 7th.

How to cite in APA Style

You can learn more about citing images and videos in APA style and test your knowledge in APA style by watching this short video (2 min 20 sec).

How to cite images and videos in APA Style

About IEEE Style

IEEE style adopts a numerical system for referencing. Each source is cited using a number in square brackets within the text. 

Watch this short video to learn how to cite journal articles, book chapters, and patents in IEEE style. 

Basic Rules 

  In-text citation End-of-paper Reference
Basic Rules
  • Include numbers in square brackets [ ], inside the punctuation. 
  • When citing multiple sources:
    - Preferred: [1]–[3]; [1], [3], [5]
    - Acceptable: [1-3]; [1, 3, 5]

 
  • Include all sources you have cited (make in-text citations to) in your paper.
  • Arrange the sources numerically, in the order in which they appear in text.
  • Article titles need to be put in quotation marks " ".
  • Do not cite secondary source. Always cite the original source which is cited in a work you read.
Examples
  • as shown by Brown [2];
  • as mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9];
  • Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5];
  • Wood et al. [7]

Note: Use et al. when the article has three or more authors.

References

[1] P. Waurzyniak, "Machining with robots," Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 143, no. 5, pp. 63-69, Nov. 2009.

[2] J. N. Payne, "Vehicle and track system for flying corner amusement park rides," U.S. Patent 7 677 179, March 16, 2010.

[3] A. Cheng, "Inject our own magic," South China Morning Post, News p. 9, January 31, 2009.
References: 

More Examples on IEEE Style

Books

  In-text Citation End-of-paper Reference
Basic Format

... [#].

Lastname [#] ...

[#] A. Lastname, Title (in italic, Initial Capitalized), Edition (if any), Vol. (if any). Place of publication: Publisher, Year.

  • No author: start with Title.
  • One author: A. Lastname, 
  • Two authors: A. Lastname and B. Lastname, 
  • Three or more: A. Lastname et al., 

Examples

It was found that... [1].

Tegmark [1, p. 20] found that...

Tanaka and Wang [2] argued that...

 

It was found that... [3].

Cite entire book

[1] M. Tegmark, Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. UK: Penguin, 2017.

[2] K. Tanaka and H. Wang, Fuzzy Control Systems Design and Analysis: A Linear Matrix Inequality Approach. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2001.
 

Cite one chapter in book

[3] G. K. Knopf, "Biological-based optical sensors and transducers," in Opto-mechatronic Systems Handbook: Techniques and Applications, Hyungsuck Cho, Ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2003, pp. 195-210.

Journal / Magazine articles

  In-text Citation End-of-paper Reference
Basic Format

... [#].

Lastname [#] ...

Print: 

[#] A. Lastname, "Article title," Abbrev. Journal Title / Magazine Title, vol. #, no. #, pp. #, Month Year.

Online: 

[#] A. Lastname, "Article title," Abbrev. Journal Title / Magazine Title, vol. #, no. #, pp. #, Month Year, doi: # (if available). [Online]. Available: URL (if available).

  • One author: A. Lastname, 
  • Two authors: A. Lastname and B. Lastname, 
  • Three or more: A. Lastname et al., 

Example

It was found that... [1].

Rafferty [1] found that...

Li et al. [2] and Boykin [3] argued that...

Print:

[1] W. Rafferty, “Ground antennas in NASA’s deep space telecommunications,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 636-640, May 1994.

Online:

[2] Y.-H. Lin et al., "A piperidinium salt stabilizes efficient metal-halide perovskite solar cells", Science, vol. 369, no. 6499, pp. 96–102, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1126/science.aba1628.

[3] D. Boykin, “The Chatter About AI.” PE Magazine, Mar. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.nspe.org/resources/pe-magazine/spring-2023/the-chatter-about-ai.

Conference papers

  In-text Citation End-of-paper Reference
Basic Format

... [#].

Lastname [#] ...

Paper in Conference Proceeding

[#] A. Lastname, "Article title," in Abbrev. Name of Conf., City, Country, Month and days (if available), Year, pp. #.

Presentation at Conference

[#] A. Lastname, "Article title," presented at the Abbrev. Name of Conf., City, Country, Month and days, Year, pp. #.

Examples

It is found ... [1].

Zhao et al. [2] showed that...

Liu and Miao [3] found that...

Paper in Conference Proceeding

[1]  J. Zhao, G. Sun, G. H. Loh, and Y. Xie, “Energy-efficient GPU design with reconfigurable in-package graphics memory,” in Proc. ACM/IEEE Int. Symp. Low Power Electron. Design (ISLPED), Jul. 2012, pp. 403–408, doi: 10.1145/2333660.2333752. 

[2] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach to testing polymorphic attributes," in Formal Methods and Software Engineering: Proc. of the 6th Int. Conf. on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, Nov 8-12, 2004, J. Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.

Presentation at Conference

[3] D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement technique for sparse arrays,” presented at the 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Oct. 5-8, 2010. 

Patents

  In-text Citation End-of-paper Reference
Basic Format

... [#].

Lastname [#] ...

[#] A. Lastname, "Patent title," Country Patent no.#, Month day, Year.

Note: Use "Issued date" if several dates are given.

Example

It was found that... [1].

Tang and Zheng [2] discovered that...

[1] J. N. Payne, "Vehicle and track system for flying corner amusement park rides," U.S. Patent 7 677 179, Mar. 16, 2010.

[2] B. Tang and Z. Zheng, "Fluorescent Probes for Singlet Oxygen Generation and Cancer Ablation," (in Chinese), CN 113454067B, Feb. 21, 2023. 

Websites

[1] B. Stollnitz, "How GPT Models Work," Medium. Accessed: Aug. 14, 2023. [Online.] Available: https://towardsdatascience.com/how-gpt-models-work-b5f4517d5b5 

Online News Articles

[2]  D. Butts, "How will ChatGPT and AI transform education? HKUST expects big changes and is already preparing for it," South China Morning Post. (May 21, 2023). Accessed: Aug. 16, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3221151/how-will-chatgpt-and-ai-transform-education-hkust-expects-big-changes-and-already-preparing-it

Online Government Report

[3] The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, "Technical Investigation Report on Escalator Incident at Langham Place, Mong Kok," EMSD, Hong Kong, Jun. 9, 2017. Accessed: Jul. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_794/Langham_Technical_Investigation_Report(Eng).pdf

Online Video

[4] Lex Fridman. Andrew Ng: Deep Learning, Education, and Real-World AI | Lex Fridman Podcast #73. (Feb 21, 2020). Accessed: Aug. 14, 2023. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jspaMLxBig 

Standards

[5] Standard Specification for Performance of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks, ASTM Standard F2100-23, Mar. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/f2100-21.html

Software / Computer Program

[6] Antenna Products. (2011). Antcom. Accessed: Jan. 11, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.antcom.com/products

Note: IEEE follows the Force 11 Citation Principles

Go to APA Guide

Special Cases

LibGuide content by HKUST Library is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, unless otherwise noted.