LANG 1403 Online Workshop & Guide

Some Reasons Why Scholars Cite  

1. To provide credibility and strengthen my argument (my opinions are supported from authoritative authors/papers in the field) 
2. To embody concepts or methods (instead of describing how to determine a protein, I cite the paper which gives the detailed methodology, and focus on my own addition to knowledge)
3. To give credit for ideas and show the reader where to go for a further elaboration
4. Scholarship as conversation: similar to an ongoing conversation, communities of scholars cite original sources (support or contrast), build upon previous research, and add new interpretations over time to advance human knowledge.

You  always need to cite sources in your academic and professional writing if you use someone else's ideas, data, methodologies, illustrations, etc.; it does not matter what format they are in.

Watch:

Citation Styles

There are different citation styles (standard formats for listing references) for different subject disciplines. APA Style 7th edition is required for LANG 1403 writing assignments.

 

More information (optional follow-up)

• HKUST Library Guide to APA Style
•  APA (American Psychological Association) official style info.

 

In-Text Reference

• If the author can be identified, write the author's surname (family name, last name, 姓) and publication year in brackets:
   

  Photography provides the model for modern technoscientific vision (Garlick, 2009), ...

  
   
• If the author can't be identified, write the first few words of the article title and the year, use double quotation marks around the title:
   

  A smartphone might consume up to 15Mbps downstream ("Can can you," 2013)...

   

End-of-paper References

• Include all sources you have cited (make in-text reference to), except personal communications, in your paper
   
• General format:
  Author surname, Initials. (Year). Article title. Magazine title, volume no. (issue no.), page range.
  
  Author surname, Initials. (Year). Article title. Newspaper title, page number.
   
  If the author can't be identified, article title will come first. 
   
  Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or pp.
   
• Sources should be listed in alphabetical order
   
• Examples:

References Can can you you hear hear me me now now? (2013, April 13). Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/04/voice-quality Garlick, S. (2009). Given time: Biology, nature and photographic vision. History of the Human Sciences, 22(5), 81-101. Kelly, M. (2013). Living in an era of technology revolution. Electronics World, 119(1924), 42-43.

 

How to Cite in APA Style is a comprehensive guide on how to cite different sources in APA style.

Example:

If you want to cite this article "Fertile LAND: Pricing non-fungible tokens" in your paper to support your argument, you should:

1. Make an in-text citation/reference within your writing:
    

   .. This first study of NFT pricing shows a NFT LAND price series characterised by both inefficiency and a steady rise in value...(Dowling, 2022), ...

2. Include complete details about the article in the references section at the end of your paper:
    

   Dowling, M. (2022). Fertile LAND: Pricing non-fungible tokens. Finance Research Letters, 44, 102096. https://10.1016/j.frl.2021.102096

What about indirect sources?

Example:  you read about Smith's idea (or research findings) in Nicholson's paper. But, you did not read Smith's article yourself.  You CANNOT cite a source that you have not read! So you need to find the original thing Smith wrote.

Or,  if you don't fins & read the original source (less preferable), you need to indicate that the information is obtained from a secondary source:

1. List the source you have read (Nicholson's paper) in the reference list, and
2. Make an in-text citation such as
   • Smith's survey (as cited in Nicholson, 2020) showed ...
   • According to Nicholson (2020), Smith's survey says ...

More examples of APA Style citation by format

Book

Bynum, W. F. (2012). The M-factor: A little history of science. New Haven : Yale University Press.

In text reference = (Bynum, 2012)

Wei, J. (2012). Great inventions that changed the world. Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons.

In text reference = (Wei, 2012)

Article or Chapter in a Book

Neves, J., & Pinheiro, L. D. (2012). Cyberbullying: A Sociological Approach. In (Ed.), Ethical Impact of Technological Advancements and Applications in Society (pp. 132-142). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

In-text reference=  (Neves & Pinheiro, 2012)

Journal Article  - 1 author

Weissman, I. (2012). Stem cell therapies could change medicine... if they get the chance. Cell Stem Cell, 10(6), 663-665.

In-text reference = (Weissman, 2012)

E-Journal Article – more than 1 authors & d.o.i.

Ding, H. T., Suet, F. L., Tanusina, S. P., Low, C. G., & Ker, G. C. (2011). Dependency on smartphone and the impact on purchase behaviour. Young Consumers, 12(3), 193-203. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17473611111163250

In-text reference= (Ding et al., 2011)

Magazine Article on the Web

Grossman, L. (2010, December 15). Mark Zuckerberg - Person of the Year 2010 - TIME. Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2036683_2037183,00.html

In-text Reference = (Grossman, 2010)

Newspaper Article on the Web

Gray, R. (2009, Mar 13). Top 10 'inventions' that changed the world. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/4981964/Top-10-inventions-that-changed-the-world.html

In-text reference = (Gray, 2009)

General Webpage

Disruptive innovation. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 11, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation

In-text reference = ("Disruptive innovation," n.d.)

Note:

• If the publication date is not available (unknown), use n.d.
• It is not necessary to include the retrieval date, unless the source material may change over time (e.g., Wikis).
• Details at APA Style Blog: How to Cite Wikipedia in APA Style

Government Report on the Web

President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. (2013). Designing a digital future: Federally funded research and development in networking and information technology. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nitrd2013.pdf

In-text Reference = (President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, 2013)

 

Youtube Video

General format:
Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx

In-text reference = (Author, year)

• The person who posted the video is put in the author position
• On YouTube and many other video-posting websites, users must post under a screen name. This screen name is integral to finding the video on YouTube, so including it in the reference is important.

If the user’s real name is not available, include only the screen name, without brackets:

• Screen name. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
• Bloomberg. (2013, May 28). Mark Zuckerberg's Profile: Bloomberg Game Changers [Video file]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/5WiDIhIkPoM

In-text reference = (Bloomberg, 2013)

See also: How to Create a Reference for a YouTube Video

PowerSearch Help You Cite Videos

Free online tools to help create citations.

• Zbib (really simple!)
• Citation Machine
• Citethisforme

RefWorks is a subscription-based advanced tool available to all HKUST staff & students

• RefWorks Guide
• Plug-in for MS Word: Refworks Citation Manager (RCM)

 This information is based on:

McAdoo, T. How to cite ChatGPT. (April 7, 2023.). Retrieved July 4, 2023, from https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt

 

When using  ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research,  you should describe how you used it in a "methods" section of introduction.

When actually using the generated text in your own paper, APA  Stle Blog recommends that you:

• Provide the prompt you used

• Copy the  portion of the relevant text generated by the prompt

Example:

When prompted  with "how do mangroves help maintain water quality", the text generated by Chat GPT indicated that it did so in three ways: 

"they act as a natural filter, absorbing and filtering out pollutants...[the canopy of ]mangroves reduces the amount of sunlight that reaches the water surface, which limits the growth of algae and other harmful microorganisms.....[and].. mangroves also provide habitat for a variety of marine species..." (OpenAI, 2023).

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End of Paper Reference

OpenAI. ChatGPT (July 4 version) [Large Language Model] https://chatgpt.ust.hk/