| In-text Citation | End-of-paper Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| Format |
It was found that... (Author, Year). Author (Year) found that... |
Authors / Editors (Year). Book title (# edition, if available). Publisher. DOI or URL (if available) |
|
Example 1 (Authored book) |
It was found that... (Hamblen & Mueser, 2021). Hamblen and Mueser (2021) found that... |
Hamblen, J. L., & Mueser, K. T. (2021). Treatment for postdisaster distress: A transdiagnostic approach. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000237-000 |
|
Example 2 (Edited book) |
It was found that... (Hemlin et al., 2013). Hemlin et al. (2013) found that... |
Hemlin, S., Allwood, C. M., Martin, B. R., & Mumford, M. D. (Eds.). (2013). Creativity and leadership in science, technology, and innovation. Routledge. |
| In-text Citation | End-of-paper Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| Format |
It was found that... (Author, Year). Author (Year) found that... |
Authors. Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. DOI or URL (if available) |
| Example 1 |
It was found that... (Diliello et al., 2011). Diliello et al. (2011) found that... |
Diliello, T. C., Houghton, J. D., & Dawley, D. (2011). Narrowing the creativity gap: The moderating effects of perceived support for creativity. Journal of Psychology, 145(3), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.548412 |
|
Example 2 (Missing page no. and DOI) |
It was found that... (Butler, 2017). Butler (2017) found that... |
Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1). http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html |
| In-text Citation | End-of-paper Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| Format |
It was found that... (Author, Year). Author (Year) found that... |
Authors (Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. URL |
|
Example |
It was found that... (Toner, 2020). Toner (2020) found that... |
Toner, K. (2020, September 24). When Covid-19 hit, he turned his newspaper route into a lifeline for senior citizens. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/coronavirus-newspaper-deliveryman-groceries-senior-citizens-cnnheroes-trnd/index.html |
| In-text Citation | End-of-paper Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| Format |
It was found that... (Author, Year). Author (Year) found that... |
Authors (Year or Date). Title of work. Publisher Name (if available) or Site Name. URL |
|
Example 1 |
It was found that... (Schaeffer, 2021). Schaeffer (2021) found that... |
Schaeffer, K. (2021, October 1). What we know about online learning and the homework gap amid the pandemic. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/10/01/what-we-know-about-online-learning-and-the-homework-gap-amid-the-pandemic/ |
|
Example 2 (Author is an organization) |
It was found that... (Census and Statistics Department, 2021). Census and Statistics Department (2021) found that... |
Census and Statistics Department (2021). Annual report on the consumer price index 2021. https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/ |
The author format of in-text citation differs based on the no. of authors in the work:
| Author type | End-of-paper Reference (Author part) |
Parenthetical citation | Narrative citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| One author | Butler, J. (2017). | (Butler, 2017) | Butler (2017) |
| Two authors | Hamblen, J. L., & Mueser, K. T. (2021). | (Hamblen & Mueser, 2021) | Hamblen & Mueser (2021) |
| Three or more authors | Diliello, T. C., Houghton, J. D., & Dawley, D. (2011). | (Diliello et al., 2011) | Diliello et al. (2011) |
|
Group author
|
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. (2022). |
|
|
Guideline from APA:
Suggested practices:
Example:
| Conversation with an AI model | In-text citation & Reference list |
|
|
In-text citation "ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI, focuses on generating human-like text based on extensive internet-trained data, while Claude, developed by Anthropic, emphasizes safety and alignment through constitutional AI principles, aiming to reduce harmful outputs by adhering to a set of predefined ethical guidelines." (OpenAI, 2024) Reference list OpenAI. (2024). GPT-4o [Large language model]. https://poe.com/GPT-4o |
Examples:
| Reference list |
|
OpenAI. (2024). GPT-4o [Large language model]. https://poe.com/GPT-4o Anthropic. (2024). Claude-3.5-Sonnet [Large language model]. https://poe.com/Claude-3.5-Sonnet Perplexity. (2024). Perplexity.ai [Large language model]. https://www.perplexity.ai/ OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat |
This short tutorial (3 min 54 sec) is on citing references in APA 7th.
You can learn more about citing images and videos in APA style and test your knowledge in APA style by watching this short video (2 min 20 sec).
